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|combatant2= MPLA FNLA UNITA FLEC PAIGC FRELIMO |commander1=Generally: António de Oliveira Salazar Marcelo Caetano Américo Tomás Angola: Francisco da Costa Gomes Portuguese Guinea: António de Spínola Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho Mozambique: António Augusto dos Santos (1964–69) Kaúlza de Arriaga (1969–74) |commander2=Angola: Agostinho Neto José Eduardo dos Santos Lúcio Lara Holden Roberto Jonas Savimbi Portuguese Guinea: Amílcar Cabral Luís Cabral João Bernardo Vieira Domingos Ramos Pansau Na Isna Francisco Mende Mozambique: Eduardo Mondlane (1962–69) Joaquim Chissano (1962-75) Filipe Samuel Magaia (1964–66) Samora Machel (1969–75) |strength1= 148,000 European Portuguese regular troops; 65,000 in Angola 32,000 in Portuguese Guinea 51,000 in Mozambique |strength2= 38,000-43,000 Guerrillas; 18,000 in Angola 10,000 in Portuguese Guinea 10-15,000 in Mozambique |casualties1= 8,827 killed 15,507 wounded (physical and/or psychological) |casualties2= 50,000+ killed in Angola ~6,000 killed ~4,000 wounded in Portuguese Guinea >10,000+ killed in Mozambique |casualties3= Civilian casualties: 50,000 killed in Mozambique〔(''Mid-Range Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century'' ) retrieved December 4, 2007〕 }} The Portuguese Colonial War ((ポルトガル語:Guerra Colonial Portuguesa)), also known in Portugal as the Overseas War (''Guerra do Ultramar'') or in the former colonies as the War of Liberation (''Guerra de Libertação''), was fought between Portugal's military and the emerging nationalist movements in Portugal's African colonies between 1961 and 1974. The Portuguese regime was overthrown by a military coup in 1974, and the change in government brought the conflict to an end. The war was a decisive ideological struggle in Lusophone Africa and surrounding nations and mainland Portugal. The prevalent Portuguese and international historical approach considers the Portuguese Colonial War as a single conflict fought in three separate theaters of operations (Angola, Portuguese Guinea, and Mozambique). However, some other approaches consider the existence of three distinct conflicts, the Angolan War of Independence, the Guinea-Bissau War of Independence, and the Mozambican War of Independence. Occasionally, the brief conflict that led to the 1961 Indian Annexation of Goa is also included in the historical scope of the Portuguese Colonial War. Unlike other European nations during the 1950s and 1960s, the Portuguese Estado Novo regime did not withdraw from its African colonies, or the overseas provinces (''províncias ultramarinas'') as those territories had been officially called since 1951. During the 1960s, various armed independence movements became active in these Portugal-administered territories, namely in Angola, Mozambique, and Portuguese Guinea. During the ensuing conflict, atrocities were committed by all forces involved.〔 (Der Spiegel,1973 )〕 The decolonization and independence of several African states after World War II, the Invasion of Goa by Indian Armed Forces and the Santa Maria hijacking, and the achievements of the African-American Civil Rights Movement, were also signs of the "Winds of change" supporting independence movements in Portuguese Africa. Throughout the war period Portugal faced increasing dissent, arms embargoes and other punitive sanctions imposed by most of the international community. By 1973, the war had become increasingly unpopular due to its length and financial costs, the worsening of diplomatic relations with other United Nations members, and the role it had always played as a factor of perpetuation of the entrenched Estado Novo regime and the non-democratic status quo. The guerrilla forces of the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola, National Liberation Front of Angola, National Union for the Total Independence of Angola in Angola, African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde in Portuguese Guinea, and the Mozambique Liberation Front in Mozambique, succeeded in their 13-year-long pro-independence rebellions through guerrilla warfare after a military coup at Lisbon in April 1974. The coup was staged by low-ranking elements of the Portuguese Armed Forces, mostly veteran captains of Guinea where the war had more human costs, and also, unlike the other theaters of war, where the military could not control part of the territory.〔Laidi, Zaki. The Superpowers and Africa: The Constraints of a Rivalry:1960-1990. Chicago: Univ. Of Chicago, 1990.〕〔António Pires Nunes, (Angola 1966-74 )〕 The Armed Forces Movement (Movimento das Forças Armadas) overthrew the Estado Novo government in response to the ongoing and stalemated war in Portuguese Guinea, and in rebellion against the unpopular new military laws that were to be presented the following year (Decree Law: ''Decretos-Leis n.os 353, de 13 de Julho de 1973, e 409, de 20 de Agosto''). Under these laws, by militia officers who completed a brief training program and had served in the overseas territories' defensive campaigns, could be commissioned at the same rank as military academy graduates.〔 Movimento das Forças Armadas (MFA). In Infopédia (linha ). Porto: Porto Editora, 2003-2009. (2009-01-07 ). Disponível na www: The end of the war after the Carnation Revolution military coup of April 1974 in Lisbon resulted in the exodus of hundreds of thousands of Portuguese citizens〔(Portugal Migration ), ''The Encyclopedia of the Nations''〕 plus military personnel of European, African and mixed ethnicity from the former Portuguese territories and newly independent African nations. From May 1974 to the end of the 1970s, over 1 million citizens left these former colonies, and would restart their lives predominantly in Portugal, South Africa, North America, the rest of Western Europe and Brazil.〔(Flight from Angola ), ''The Economist'' (August 16, 1975).〕〔(Dismantling the Portuguese Empire ), ''Time'' magazine (Monday, July 7, 1975).〕〔(Portugal - Emigration ), Eric Solsten, ed. ''Portugal: A Country Study''. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1993.〕 This migration is regarded as one of the largest peaceful migrations in the world's history.〔António Barreto, ''Portugal: Um Retrato Social'', 2006〕 The former colonies faced severe problems after independence. Devastating and violent civil wars followed in Angola and Mozambique, which lasted several decades, claimed millions of lives, and resulted in large numbers of displaced refugees.〔(The Decolonization of Portuguese Africa: Metropolitan Revolution and the Dissolution of Empire by Norrie MacQueen - Mozambique since Independence: Confronting Leviathan by Margaret Hall, Tom Young - Author of Review: Stuart A. Notholt African Affairs, Vol. 97, No. 387 (Apr., 1998), pp. 276-278 ), JSTOR〕 Economic and social recession, authoritarianism, lack of democracy and other elemental civil and political rights, corruption, poverty, inequality, and failed central planning eroded the initial revolutionary zeal.〔Mark D. Tooley, (Praying for Marxism in Africa ), FrontPageMagazine.com (Friday, March 13, 2009)〕〔Mario de Queiroz, (AFRICA-PORTUGAL: Three Decades After Last Colonial Empire Came to an End )〕〔Tim Butcher, (As guerrilla war ends, corruption now bleeds Angola to death ), ''The Daily Telegraph'' (30 July 2002)〕 A level of social order and economic development comparable to what had existed under Portuguese rule, including during the period of the Colonial War, became the goal of the independent territories.〔"Things are going well in Angola. They achieved good progress in their first year of independence. There's been a lot of building and they are developing health facilities. In 1976 they produced 80,000 tons of coffee. Transportation means are also being developed. Currently between 200,000 and 400,000 tons of coffee are still in warehouses. In our talks with (President Agostinho ) Neto we stressed the absolute necessity of achieving a level of economic development comparable to what had existed under () colonialism."; "There is also evidence of black racism in Angola. Some are using the hatred against the colonial masters for negative purposes. There are many mulattos and whites in Angola. Unfortunately, racist feelings are spreading very quickly." () Castro's 1977 southern Africa tour: A report to Honecker, CNN〕 Portugal had been the first modern European power to establish a colony in Africa when it captured Ceuta in 1415; it became one of the last to leave. The former Portuguese territories in Africa became sovereign states, with Agostinho Neto in Angola, Samora Machel in Mozambique, Luís Cabral in Guinea-Bissau, Manuel Pinto da Costa in São Tomé and Príncipe, and Aristides Pereira in Cape Verde as the heads of state. ==Political context== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Portuguese Colonial War」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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